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Admissibility of Electronic Records

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Admissibility of Electronic Records

Notwithstanding anything contained in this Act, any information contained in an electronic record that is printed on a paper, stored, recorded, or copied in optical or magnetic media produced by a computer (hereinafter referred to as the computer output) shall be deemed to be also a document, if the conditions mentioned in this section are satisfied in relation to the information and computer in question and shall be admissible in any proceedings, without further proof or production of the original, as evidence of any contents of the original or of any fact stated therein of which direct evidence would be admissible.
The conditions referred to in sub-section
1. In respect of a computer output shall be the following, namely: —
  1. The computer output containing the information was produced by the computer during the period over which the computer was used regularly to store or process information for the purposes of any activities regularly carried on over that period by the person having lawful control over the use of the computer.
  2. during the said period, information of the kind contained in the electronic record or of the kind from which the information so contained is derived was regularly fed into the computer in the ordinary course of the said activities.
  3. Throughout the material part of the said period, the computer was operating properly or, if not, then in respect of any period in which it was not operating properly or was out of operation during that part of the period, was not such as to affect the electronic record or the accuracy of its contents.
  4. The information contained in the electronic record reproduces or is derived from such information fed into the computer in the ordinary course of the said activities.
Where over any period, the function of storing or processing information for the purposes of any activities regularly carried on over that period as mentioned in clause (a) of sub-section (2) was regularly performed by computers, whether— by a combination of computers operating over that period; or by different computers operating in succession over that period; or by different combinations of computers operating in succession over that period; or in any other manner involving the successive operation over that period, in whatever order, of one or more computers and one or more combinations of computers, all the computers used for that purpose during that period shall be treated for the purposes of this section as constituting a single computer; and references in this section to a computer shall be construed accordingly.
In any proceedings where it is desired to give a statement in evidence by virtue of this section, a certificate doing any of the following things, that is to say,- identifying the electronic record containing the statement and describing the manner in which it was produced; giving such particulars of any device involved in the production of that electronic record as may be appropriate for the purpose of showing that the electronic record was produced by a computer; dealing with any of the matters to which the conditions mentioned in sub-section (2) relate, and purporting to be signed by a person occupying a responsible official position in relation to the operation of the relevant device or the management of the relevant activities (whichever is appropriate) shall be evidence of any matter stated in the certificate, and for the purposes of this sub-section it shall be sufficient for a matter to be stated to the best of the knowledge and belief of the person stating it.
For the purposes of this section,— information shall be taken to be supplied to a computer if it is supplied thereto in any appropriate form and whether it is so supplied directly or (with or without human intervention) by means of any appropriate equipment; whether in the course of activities carried on by any official information is supplied with a view to its being stored or processed for the purposes of those activities by a computer-operated otherwise than in the course of those activities, that information, if duly supplied to that computer, shall be taken to be supplied to it in the course of those activities; a computer output shall be taken to have been produced by a computer whether it was produced by it directly or (with or without human intervention) by means of any appropriate equipment. Explanation. —For the purposes of this section any reference to information being derived from other information shall be a reference to its being derived therefrom by calculation, comparison, or any other process.]
The Apex Court in the case of Arjun Panditrao Khotkar v. Kailash Kushanrao Gorantyal and Ors.1 brought an end to an ongoing conflict w.r.t. interpretation of Section 65B of Indian Evidence Act, 1872 (“Evidence Act”). The conundrum lies between division bench judgment in the case of Shafi Mohammad v. State of Himachal Pradesh2 and Anvar P.V. v. P.K. Basheer3. The bench comprising RF Nariman, S. Ravindra Bhat, and V. Ramasubramanian, held that the certificate required u/s 65B (4) is a condition precedent to the admissibility of evidence by way of an electronic record. The Court further clarified that the required certificate u/s 65B (4) is unnecessary if the original document itself is produced.
The Hon'ble Apex Court also overruled Tomaso Bruno and Anr. v. State of Uttar Pradesh and Shafhi Mohammad vs. The State of Himachal Pradesh.

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Admissibility of Electronic Records

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